Acquisition of credit by an expert intermediary in banking

What are the benefits of a consolidation loan solved by an expert in Operations Intermediary Bank (IOB) online?

The advantage to go to a specialist debt consolidation loan rather than his bank has been proven for many borrowers. An expert in Operations Intermediary Bank (IOB) online is indeed the only one able to communicate quickly the best deals on the market of its financial partners. It saves time and money without having to move. This is a professional who neglects nothing, especially not the human aspect. The transaction intermediary Bank study each case carefully to find the best solution, simplify budget management and minimize the amount of loan repayments. Its proposed tender offers of credit are tailored to the needs and resources of each individual or business. The solution that you can not find at your bank, he finds it for you. Prefer a BIO expert online who will share with you their skills for free.

For the perfect redemption of credit, speak directly to an expert online specialist in the field

If the purchase of credits itself as the financial solution for you must get out of debt, please contact an expert Online expert in the field. You can search with it the best loan to reduce your monthly expenses, clean up your budget, give new life to your cash or simply to fulfill a project. If you want to travel, for example, and your financial situation may suffer, please check with an expert online debt consolidation specialist who will find you the best offer financing and e you can enjoy the serenity of your next vacation.

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Understanding the bridging loan?

The bridge loan is an advance made by the bank to its customers, with funds to be received and that agree to repay the advance. The most common form of bridge loan bridge loan is real estate. This credit can prevent the proceeds from the sale of a property before they cashed the money and even before the sale is completed effective ¬ ment.

A bridge loan can seduce you if you own a home and want to sell it to acquire another. It enables you to make the purchase without waiting for the old good is sold.

You have a deadline to complete the sale at the end of which the bridge loan is repaid through a portion of the proceeds of such sale.

You put a property to sell, such as an estate agent, at a price specified in the warrant that you have given to this agency. With the bridge loan, the bank now makes you an advance to help you buy another property.

You repay the advance when the property is sold and no later than a date specified in the contract. This bridge loan is commonly added to a conventional mortgage to finance the new purchase.

The bank do not yield a bridge loan for the total sale price of the property.

The amount of the advance is usually held on the situation: If you already have a buyer, with an agreement signed, let alone if it has no conditions precedent, the credibility that the sale is realized for the amount provided on time is strong and your bank will usually make a larger advance.

However if you only have filed a sales mandate in an agency and that for the time you do not have any potential buyer, it is important to keep a safety margin and the bank will make an advance limited by example from 60 to 70% of the evaluation of the well, as you may have to lower the asking price if buyers are scarce or if the market deteriorates.

The bridge loan is always granted for a specified period and therefore includes a deadline. Part of the funds from the sale shall be deemed received by the bank to repay the bridge loan on or before that date.

Of course, if the sale is made before that date, the bridging loan is repaid upon receipt of funds from the notary to help you avoid paying unnecessary interest.

The payment is made prior to maturity without penalty. In practice, the bridge loans offered by banks are generally due to one or two years.

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Redemptions of bank credit

The act of being given the acquisition of bank credit, although normal and widely used, has some limitations for individuals, whenever payment terms are not met. It was then that some people are punished and therefore named prohibited banking.

Indeed, when the owner of a bank issues a check bounced and that he does not act to improve the state of things, it becomes a prohibited resulting bank. We often find ourselves faced with this situation when the individual, aware of the inadequacy of its bank funds, does not react according to the recommendations of the bank. If you are in a similar situation, you are denied all finance activities, ranging from the discontinuance of all your credit cards, obtaining assistance with all organs of finance.

To be awarded a loan, the elements do not act in favor of the borrower is already the situation of being a prohibited banking, in addition to this, we have people at the center of discord with financial institutions and those that exceed the threshold limit of indebtedness. However, it is in a particular case, always possible to be allowed to bank credit.

Loans for a prohibited banking are possible, however they have in them the benefits and negative aspects. For the inconvenience, it should be noted that, be granted a loan is a great risk that we take: that of not being able to amortize the loan. Added to this, you will be called upon to guarantee some of your valuable possessions, so that you can allocate the credit.

Before referring to the benefits of a loan to a banking interdict, it is important to note that people who use the loans of all kinds, are the cause of half the profits of financial institutions of France. This finding is due to the fact that the rates, penalties and fees banks are higher when your names are on the list of prohibited banking in short, be a prohibited banking, aspiring to a loan is beneficial to the organs of banks. With regard to the borrower itself, the acquisition of a loan makes it more plausible and expenses and for months no longer a torment.

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The bearing current account: low pay and unfavorable tax

Banks offer the current account paid since March 2005. Operation is identical to the other bank and is subject to the same rules. Can be associated with this account check book, bank card and charges and in case of negative balance, the bank charges will be levied to pay current account holder.

Money that is paid on a current account is guaranteed no loss, except bank failure. In this case, the legal guarantee of deposits to cover you up to 70,000 euros, all accounts combined. Be careful if your current account is paid at a bank which France is a branch, this money into this account depend on the country of the headquarters of the bank.

You can withdraw money from your checking account paid when you want it and using it means for you: cash withdrawal, transfer or check. Deposits of money are also free and easy to achieve. The only constraint is that the banker calls the "value date". If you put money in your account, it will only be available two to three days later.

The remuneration paid to a current account is relatively small. In addition it involves only a few people in that rate, between 0.5 and 1% requires large investments of money to get interest interesting. The interest shall also be paid until a certain threshold set by the bank.

Interest paid to a current account are subject to income tax. You must indicate in the statement of income and you will be taxed according to your traditional tax schedule. By cons, if you choose to levy a 16% flat rate, plus the 11% social, the bank will retain 27% of the amount of interest before being credited to your checking account paid. These payroll taxes are payable in November each year after receipt of a notice of special tax.

Finally, know that you can deduct any bank charges relating to your current account paid.

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Was it wise to save the banks?

A few months ago, the slump in the global economy was a crucial point in the agenda of many of the G20 leaders. Apathy social room, the collapse of the banking sector, the dilemma of global growth, and the plummeting of the stock exchange were the discussion topics of global leadership.

Governments around the world resolved the issue the most sensitive, chaos in the banking industry, with massive financial contributions to a sector that previously embodied the best (and worst) of capitalism, according to a procedure closer the intervention of centralized communist economies.

The overall slate ranges from 4000 to 5000 billion USD according to the most optimistic estimates, but the final total costs could exceed this range.

The rescue of the banking sector, in principle, was the right course of action to adopt and experts of all political persuasions are agreed on the urgency of such action, including most theorists of free trade enthusiasts who ordinarily deal with left-wing fanatics prehistoric those who dare to question the limited role of government in the economy.

However, many observers are still stunned by the flexibility of the process of rescuing the banks and the very favorable conditions with which the funds were disbursed. Therefore, the financial institutions that benefited from the manna made good use of state funds received for return to profitability and repay their governments.

Other parts of the economy have not experienced such a rapid recovery. Unemployment is still high, the area of ​​housing loans is always messy. The banks have been reluctant to lend, thus creating a decay of the productive sector and sluggish private consumption. The stock market can be returned to the upward trends but, arguably, the real economy is still bearish.

It is clear that banks have played a crucial role in the current economic malaise, but the anti-rescue activists were wrong to defame and to assert that such a conviction should have excluded any public aid. Financial intermediaries are a cornerstone of our economies and it would have been postmodern socio-economically and politically harmful unpleasant to let them flow.

Obviously, a majority of banks bailed out and is now more profitable compared to last year, although sectoral sections are still comatose due to hemorrhage cash that has devastated since the beginning of the recession.

Alas, nothing has changed. These facilities use once again the old practices that have hurt the economy in the first place, under the auspices of regulators strangely blind and dumb.

Banks, necessarily, should be encouraged to make a profit like any private company. But when the profit motive is at the expense of an entire system or is a systemic threat to the productive sector of the economy, then the argument in favor of tougher regulation is of cardinal importance.

Companies must cover their risks by using appropriate techniques, however, speculators seem lately to use derivatives to bet against their benefactors. These practices may seem offensive to an important part of the population but they are understandable when one considers that the camp speculators only promotes the private interests of elites (their investors), which rarely take into account moral factor in their profitability equation.

Obvious example: Greece. The government heavily subsidized the Hellenic banking industry with billions of USD to be rated negatively few months later because of a perceived risk of default.

At present, the political authorities and central bankers should consider the following question: did the rescue work? In other words, huge subsidies for banks and associated additional initiatives they have achieved the initial goals?

Experienced economists and sociologists in the future will address fully the questions about the effectiveness and efficiency of the rescue, but leading experts currently believe that the answers to such questions are negative. The George Mason University economist Peter Boettke argued that the various subsidies have created a "cycle of debt, deficits and expansion of government" that ultimately "economically crippling" major economies, while Barry Ritholtz, famous author of Bailout Nation and president of research firm FusionIQ, think the bailout programs could be better managed.

One can observe that the initial phase of rescue proved effective because it helped to avoid a commotion regional and global banking. But contrary to popular belief, it was the easiest step. One can not underestimate the courage of the authorities in the process, but it is undoubtedly easier for a powerful central bank, as the U.S. Federal Reserve, to make accounting entries to the credit institutions concerned and replenish their assets through the "quantitative easing".

The Fed, like other central banks in the G8, has an enviable position because it can "create" money out of nothing simply by electronically increasing its assets.

The reforms are the real test of political courage, and so far the lack of standards in the financial sector can, if left unchecked, destroying recovery efforts so far made.
Currently there are five distinct factors explaining the poor results obtained so far from the bailouts.

First, financial reform if necessary takes more time at the legislative level because not only the financial lobbies - such as the superpower American Bankers Association - lobbying hard, but the political agenda is occupied by the reform of 'Medicare and geostrategic concerns related to conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq.

The recent announcement by the head of the Senate Banking Committee Chris Dodd (Democrat of Connecticut) to introduce reforms in the sector is likely to change little in the short term.

Second, the main financial advisers of President Obama are former bosses of Wall Street, and many skeptics are skeptical that a click as close financial interests may be at the forefront of real reforms in a sector that previously they were beneficial.

The following two factors are endogenous to the banking sector. One comes from previous experience cycles of regulation and deregulation which usually disappear reforms after a certain period of time, and the other stems from the unique ability of financial engineers and investment banks to design new products and techniques for dealing with existing laws.

Finally, the control effort should be comprehensive in scope, and the current lack of geographic cooperation as well as the practical difficulty in detecting systemic risk in the banking industry hamper further progress.

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"Affinity Group Solutions" The U.S. banking giant seeks to sell Japanese assets

"Affinity Group Solutions" states that the U.S. banking giant Citigroup Inc. is looking for potential investors interested in buying some of their assets Japanese. Citigroup entity of retail brokers who holds certain assets that they intend to sell certain items to reduce assets to Citigroup.

Citigroup's intention is to have the liquidity need is essential. The company currently has approximately $ 85 billion in depreciation and they are required to avoid an increase in the post. The aim of Citigroup is returning to its core business and focus on its core banking operations.

The correspondent of "Affinity Group Solutions" in Asia recently reported that they had recently sold their unit brokers, Nikko Cordial Securities.

Nikko Cordial Securities is a parent of Nikko Asset Management Fund and Nikko Citigroup Investment Banking. Overall, the value of these companies is estimated at about $ 8 billion.

Citigroup reported good earnings this quarter, the first time since the credit crisis of 2007. "Returning to their traditional activities and raising funds by selling assets, they should be able to fully repay the U.S. Government in the coming years. "Said the correspondent Asian" Affinity Group Solutions "

Citigroup was the forerunner of the banking sector, showing that even if things went wrong, there is always a solution. By having good behavior and taking tough decisions, they demonstrate that there are signs of recovery.

The share price of Citigroup is low, but we expect it back again, "Affinity Group Solutions" is convinced that the time is right to deliver shares of banks in its portfolio.

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Bank of France

The Bank of France has lost much of its importance in recent years. The transfer of monetary policy to the European Central Bank is not for nothing, of course. But this transfer, which appears to weaken France at first, is actually very good for French interests in the long run. Together we are stronger! It was very difficult to play with the U.S. dollar and a level playing field.

But the Bank of France gained other skills, which may be even more important in people's minds, at least daily and in the short term. The Bank of France including the management of very large files that allow players of the economy, credit agencies and banks to quickly get information that protects them, but also consumers.

We are talking about prohibiting credit files, such as FCC (forbidden checks) or FICP (prohibits credit), for example.

The BDF also a very important role to play in mediating bank. This work ensures that everyone is in good faith, and that the Act is applied. The bank will always try to find a solution, just as it does with commissions of over-indebtedness.

These committees are responsible for receiving files indebtedness filed by people who can not meet their credit, who can not repay. This is probably the most practical of the Bank of France, which provides solutions to sometimes desperate situations.

The visit of the Hôtel de Toulouse is something to do. If only for the Golden Gallery, beautiful room decorated in rich fabrics painters. We feel that we are in an area where much has been decided with respect to the economic future of France.

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Open Bank account in Switzerland

Do you want to open an account in Switzerland? To benefit both absolute discretion and internationally recognized, and the best services of financial investments and portfolio management, opening a bank account in Switzerland is highly recommended.

Opening an account in Switzerland is now extremely simple, and more using online services. It is sufficient to complete a form with information about the client's identity and the desired account type (numbered or not), the amount deposited, its origin and possibly the use will be made. Sending documents by post can complete the account opening in Switzerland, without having caused a single trip.

Open an account in Switzerland and takes a few minutes, and provides access to the benefits really appreciable. While no account can not be truly anonymous, Swiss banks agree to apply a maximum discretion regarding the identity of the account holder and the transactions it performs. Opening an account in Switzerland (specifically a numbered account), severely restricts the circle of professionals who know the name of the holder.

Opening a Swiss bank account requires no minimum payment. When a portfolio management service is included in the bank, however, some institutions require an initial deposit of funds. The operations are then encrypted in Swiss francs, U.S. dollars, euros, and some new accounts in Switzerland are entitled to a greater variety of currencies again, to provide maximum readability.

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Offshore bank account

Opening an offshore bank account is often referred to as tax evasion. While an offshore bank account offers a significant reduction of taxation, this argument is far from be the only attraction.

An offshore bank account can indeed be justified by very different reasons. In Switzerland, new accounts are primarily intended to protect a heritage. Banking secrecy and financial havens promised guarantees the utmost discretion as to the identity of the account holder, its assets and transactions. Of course, bank secrecy does not cover illegal activities, since it can be canceled by a conviction in court. But an offshore bank account protects the heritage of those who are exposed to trial litigation, and risk having their entire capital sunk in the wake of a lawsuit for medical malpractice or professional misconduct.

An offshore bank account is also given a second chance to those who are afflicted with a curse bank in their country. For now, no harmonization on this point has been made, nor international or even European level. An offshore bank account represents a solution for simple access to financial services the most common.

The reputation of the offshore bank accounts is not overused in tax matters. For large fortunes for example, the solidarity tax on wealth represents a considerable burden, and it can be bypassed by an offshore bank account opened in French Polynesia or Belgium. For companies, offshore bank accounts are an effective solution to lower the tax rate on profits.

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Offshore Account

Open an offshore account is now very simple, rapid, and advantageous for several reasons. An offshore account makes it possible to take advantage of bank secrecy, to generate additional income, or to circumvent a ban on banking.

Create an offshore account, then open a contract with a bank located in another country than that of residence. The term "offshore" is used, however, in relation to countries that practice a particularly low taxes, and ensure confidentiality and secrecy. We can open an offshore account in Switzerland, Panama, Seychelles, French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna.

With an offshore account, the identity of the holder and all of its financial transactions are protected by bank secrecy. Full anonymity is not possible in general, except in uncooperative tax havens or judicial paradise: If order for justice in the country, identity and financial activities of the customer will be unveiled in Switzerland as in other banking havens. A numbered offshore account simply allows to further restrict the circle of people who know the identity of the holder, but not an absolute barrier.

An offshore account increases the return on investment when it has a tax treaty with the country of residence of the owner. In this case, the tax rate can be significantly reduced, and sometimes zero. In addition, offshore accounts used as current accounts can be useful to those who are stuck in the Banque de France since the ban bank does not borders.

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Switzerland to open an account

What are the requirements to open a Swiss account? How long it takes there, and what are the documents required? What benefits can I find it to open a Swiss account?

Although the collective imagination readily assimilates billionaires and numbered accounts, open a Swiss account is not only reserved for large fortunes ... No minimum deposit is required to open a Swiss bank account, and anyone can access this service. To open a Swiss account, the only obligation for the customer is to prove his identity.

To open a Swiss account, there is no need to move. Swiss bankers have long accepted the opening of accounts by mail. Today, the Internet simplifies the process further. Pre-registration application online within minutes. Simply fill out a form stating the holder's identity and the nature of that he wants to open, the amount he shall file and make any investments. Sending mail legal documents to prove the identity of the client, and sometimes the source of funds deposited, will finalize the transaction and open a Swiss account.

Open a Swiss account has many advantages. The famous Swiss banking secrecy internationally recognized one of them. Although it is not possible to open an anonymous account, Swiss banks have a policy of confidentiality very demanding. With a numbered account, it is possible to further limit the number of people with knowledge of the identity of the holder. Open a Swiss account also provides access to powerful tools to optimize capital through investment, while lowering the tax-related interest earned, and facilitating the transmission of wealth.

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Islamic finance: regulation and supervision of Islamic banking

Islamic banking is poised for development in the coming years, this would imply the introduction of a new discipline in the markets. Islamic banks, like conventional banks tend to be able to enjoy a fairly large with respect to depositors and to play an important role in the stability of the payment system.

Hence the need to protect the interests of depositors against any possible abuse of power, of fraud, mismanagement, and excessive risk-taking. Thing that can significantly affect the establishment of trust and cause instability in the financial system and adversely affect, by contagion, the entire economic system.
This implies the need for an adequate regulatory framework to ensure the stability of the payment system, to ensure the proper functioning of capital markets, promote their development and to safeguard the interests of different actors.

In addition, standards of regulation and supervision of Islamic banks should not be too rigid as to cause substantial costs and unnecessarily stifle innovation and creativity. They must therefore be a very precise study to reflect the nature of the various operations and various risks faced by Islamic institutions.

There's so he must ask if the Islamic banks should be subject to the same existing international regulations. Or would it be necessary to develop regulatory standards more appropriate?

As in the conventional system, the effective supervision of Islamic banks would require a preliminary study of the various risks incurred. We will try at first to examine certain aspects of the risks that Islamic banks are exposed and explained how these risks are sometimes different from those of conventional banks.
We will also try to address some aspects of major importance in promoting the creation of effective regulation and supervision of Islamic banking, in particular, internal control, accounting standards, Islamic, and the establishment of an international body monitoring .

Then we will stop the interference of international regulatory standards with the existing Islamic banking while trying to explain the need to apply a more appropriate regulatory treatment to allow effective monitoring.

Section 1: Risk management and internal control of Islamic banks

1 - Risk management

In the banking system, risk management has a place of particular importance. This importance is further accentuated by the interdependence of the various financial institutions. Because the bankruptcy of a bank, even a small size for example, could affect the stability of the entire payment system.
Hence the importance of effective control of risk management in the banking system. Achieving this goal requires the development of the culture of risk management by regulators and control, but also an understanding of the nature of these risks and promote their effective management by internal controls of financial institutions.
The Basel Committee for Banking Supervision, spoke several types of risks associated with banking. We stop on the risk capital, credit risk, market risk and liquidity risk.

1-1 risk capital

A sound banking system is synonymous with an atmosphere of trust between financial institutions, depositors and users of funds. This strength is closely related to the capital of the bank. Because it is the core financial system to protect against the risk of instability.
Among banks, demand deposits constitute the largest mass of all deposits. Because theoretically, they may be reimbursed on request of depositors. Hence the need for banks to strengthen their capital and build up reserves to protect their financial stability in the case of a very large volume of withdrawals unexpectedly.

In general, the level of equity reflects the degree of financial stability of a bank because it is supposed to protect against any unexpected deterioration in its assets. Conventionally the financial stability of the bank can be evaluated by reducing shareholders' equity to total assets. What is its debt ratio. The drawback of this ratio is that it does not take into account the different risk weights. Such as long-term deposits tend to mitigate the potential pressures on equity. But against that risk mitigation is not reflected in the debt ratio.

For this reason, Basel, 1988 Capital introduced the concept of relative risk to assets, distinguishing between single and double allocation of capital. The agreement also sets minimum capital requirements for banks in the G10 countries that operate internationally. These standards were subsequently adopted at the international level to be applied in several other countries including countries of the Islamic Development Bank (IDB). It also provides that other countries are voices to adopt these standards as their implementation has proven itself and has significantly contributed to the reliability and maintenance of financial stability. Therefore the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has become a decision maker must control standards international banking.

1-2 credit risk

Credit risk is caused by a failure to pay unexpected. Which can cause a significant drop in net cash from the bank and therefore adversely affect the liquidity as well as the quality of bank assets. With the development of prudential management techniques, there are currently in the conventional banking system regulations that require the provision of reserves by banks in order to guard against credit risks and ensure their safety.

Among the factors that determine the level of risk is found, the situation of return, the nature of the legal system, quality guarantees, the extent of use of credit derivatives, the size of the books of banking and commerce.

Exposing themselves to credit risks, Islamic banks have a number of features that regulators and control should be well familiar:
The ban on interest does not allow Islamic banks to reschedule loans outstanding through the negotiation of higher earnings credits. Such a situation is likely to encourage borrowers in bad faith to delay their payments voluntarily. Thus increasing the credit risk in Islamic banks. The Foukahas have not yet agreed on an alternative solution.

Another factor characterizing the level of credit risk in Islamic banks is represented by the term credit facilities: The maturities of long-term credit are subject to a higher risk factor. However, Islamic banks in the maturity of the credit facility are mainly granted in the short term which tends to mitigate this risk exposure.

Also, the books of commercial banks in the conventional obligations generally consist of MET with interest, municipal and government bonds. However, in the Islamic financial system, marketable bonds are still very weak. Therefore there is still no book trade itself in Islamic banks.

Furthermore, in conventional banks, credit derivatives are considered to be effective instruments for mitigating credit risk. However this type of instrument is not permitted in Islamic banks for non-compliance with the Shariah. As such they are denied access to this method to mitigate their credit risks.

In addition, as part of a contract Salam, there is a risk against partly related to the supplier that can occur in the case of non-delivery or delay in performance of the operation. Especially since it may depend sometimes even situations that are beyond the control of the supplier, as in the case of natural disasters, drought or crop failure. This shows the importance of credit risk in this type of contract. There is still no consensus among Foukahas on how to protect against such situations.

Also in the contract Istisnae, where the Islamic bank filled the role of owner, manufacturer and supplier. For practical reasons the Islamic bank can not have a specialization in all areas of activity that interfere in this type of contract. Therefore it must make use of subcontractors. This has the effect of exposing not only the Islamic bank to credit risk related to client but also to additional risk that may arise from the failure of a subcontractor to fulfill its obligations in a proper and contractual deadlines.

Finally, the Ijara contract is not practiced by all Islamic banks. For it is not authorized by a number of Fuqaha. Therefore, there is a significant credit risk in the absence of standardized regulatory standards recognized by all Islamic banks.

1-3 Market risk

The term market risk, the risk associated with changes in the economy, taxation, inflation and interest rates. Market risk affects all goods, property and securities. It is also known as systemic risk

Like conventional banks and Islamic banks are also subject to market risk. Even if one might be tempted to think otherwise that Islamic banks do not deal with interest.
Indeed, Islamic banks are also affected by this type of risk, for example, through the sales deferred as part of a contract Salam, due to the delayed payment caused by this type of contract.
This influence can be justified through the use of the principle of Islamic banks LIBOR as a reference in its financial transactions. It follows that they are at risk of change in LIBOR.

Especially since, at an increased rate of LiBOB in the case of Murabaha, for example, Islamic banks are doubly exposed to market risk. For a view of the distribution of profit margins for the benefit of depositors, they must take account of the increase and therefore higher profits distributed to new depositors while deposits were made at a rate lower, previously over the long term.

Moreover, viewed from the bonds, any rate increase must be reflected in the profit margin without the Islamic Bank have the opportunity to reassess the corresponding assets. Because the price is already fixed on the basis of the previous period. Consequently Islamic banks can not escape the risk of rate changes.

Added to this, too, the fact that conventional banks have developed tools that allow them to better manage market risk, including the use of instruments such as option contracts, for example. However the side of the Islamic banks Foukahas have not yet expressed a clear and unanimous on the compliance of such instruments with the Shariah. And it seems that as of today no alternative consistent with the Shari'ah is still proposed to replace the conventional instruments of managing this type of risk.

1-4 The liquidity risk

Liquidity risk arises when the bank meets the cash flow problems, and is unable to raise funds to meet its obligations due or to free up funds to finance its operating activities.
Sound management of liquidity is therefore vitally important for a bank to be able to meet its obligations and continue its operations under normal conditions.

In Islamic finance, there are a number of factors that may cause liquidity risk:
A first element is the importance of the mass of loans on the balance sheet of Islamic banks unless it is able to make liquid through the sale of credits, which we recall is due to the ban the sale of credits by the Shari'ah.

A second point may come from the difficulty of raising funds is due on one hand, a non-existent in Islamic money market and on the other hand the slow development of financial instruments that allow the removal of funds quickly and efficiently.

A third principle is the lender of last resort that exists in the conventional financial system and which can be accessed only through Islamic banks to the application of interest. What constitutes a real barrier to accessibility but may in the future, pushing the Islamic bank to seek alternative solutions in accordance with the Shari'ah.

A fourth factor could be the dependence of most Islamic banks in current accounts, which by their nature (availability for current accounts) are at risk of withdrawal at any time. And, as in the past this kind of situation is relatively rare, Islamic banks are not sufficiently protected against such a risk. But these difficulties could be overcome in the future through the support of the efforts of Islamic banks, central banks, and Foukahas.

1-5 Operational risk

Operational risk can arise from different origins. It can come from the incompetence of staff, a malfunction in the process or technology. Operational risk can sometimes be quite complex and jeopardize the normal functioning of the organization. Good management implies an involvement of senior management to draw up guidelines that will control it.

To do this managers must establish procedures and standards of review to identify and control operational risks effectively, establish a classification of potential risks associated with each department or each activity of the bank. Rightly, a framework must be established for the operational activities related to investors to be used by the operational team, the management, but also by internal audit teams for reasons of monitoring and control.

Operational risk is complex in nature is varied, it is not always easy to quantify. However, the history of the activity of the bank is full of experiences, plans of action, reporting, management reporting, etc.. which can be a methodical and meticulous exploration and thus be an effective tool for managing risks.

Also, given the variety of sources of operational risk, methods of its management must also be different and appropriate. This requires the establishment of an appropriate process for each risk category with a clear separation of responsibilities of different stakeholders.
Another aspect that should also be made, the objective and reliable than should be the content of audit reports provided.

2 - Internal control of the Islamic financial system

Most researchers agree to identify the failure of internal control systems as the source of the major concerns of instability and financial crises
The importance of internal control in the Islamic financial system is further enhanced by the participatory nature that characterizes this system. Add to that the lack of familiarity of operators with conventional products and the need for compliance with the Shariah financial instruments.
Hence the crucial role that internal control is to play in the Islamic financial institutions to ensure their viability and performance.

As in the case of conventional banks, internal control in the Islamic financial system should have three main objectives:
- The first is to ensure the performance of the institution by an optimal and efficient of all its resources, financial, economic, human, etc..
- The second objective is to manage and provide accurate information in a timely manner to ensure the competitiveness of the organization and to safeguard the interests of its customers and its shareholders.
- The third objective is to ensure the implementation of laws, rules, standards, and ethical principles inherent in the activity.

Such objectives can be achieved only through direct and sustained involvement of Staff of the financial institution. To ensure that control procedures are followed at all levels of the organization and ensure a culture of internal control. The latter must be able to identify and prevent different types of risks related to operations, including risks related to capital, credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, operational risk and so on.
It must also be able to complete this mission without hitting the smooth running of the organization. And must not only ensure the availability of information at all times but also ensure its reliability and compliance with the requirements of Shariah.

Furthermore, if the control system is all that important, it is necessary to ensure its existence in an effective and sustainable. But one wonders if all Islamic financial institutions are aware of this importance, especially the smaller of them. For this reason it would be the responsibility of supervisors to require the existence of a minimum level of control within these institutions and to encourage them to develop a culture of internal control.

Section 2: The international framework of control and the Islamic financial system

2-1 Specific treatment of the regulation and supervision of Islamic banks

According to earlier findings in this study, Islamic finance will play an increasing role in growing the international financial scene in the coming years. Therefore, the throw-in of a new discipline, expose markets and financial sector operators to new risks whose nature is different compared to the conventional financial system.

It is often assumed that Islamic institutions are not clear separation between business investment and business operations. From this point of view, they should be subject to the same regulations and controls the funds. Such assimilation can pose technical difficulties for the implementation of regulations and effective supervision. Taking for example the Mudaraba contract when Islamic banking comes as part of this instrument (share profits and losses), it can be seen both as a manager of substance such as a bank. Another example is in the Salam (as discussed in chapter two) where the two principles, as well as banking intermediation risk-sharing apply.

A number of analysts recommend that the regulation and supervision of Islamic banks must have a particular focus on the operational risk management than in conventional banks. They base this argument on the specific nature of operational risk profile in the Islamic banking system, either through alternative financing PBP or other modes. Investment risk is the risk the most important means of financing for PBP.
Further exposure of Islamic banks in risk is accentuated by the nature of the liability of the agent-entrepreneur in the contract PBP, which can not be questioned that if it was determined that is negligence or mismanagement on his part.
If, for example as part of a Mudaraba financing, the project has recorded losses, the bank will be unable to recover its funds because it must accept any contract losses. The agent-entrepreneur in this case, will lose the time and effort he spent on the project. In addition, there is no specific legal rules, allowing the Islamic bank to control the work of the agent-entrepreneur in the Mudaraba contract, hence the complexity of proving negligence or mismanagement of the project .

Thus, it is necessary to safeguard the interests of different stakeholders, given the nature of different risks but also to protect markets and to ensure a stable global financial system.
Such a goal can be achieved through the establishment of appropriate regulations and effective supervision, able to regulate the various components of the financial system in a comprehensive and integrated dimension.

2-2 Applicability of international regulatory standards in Islamic banking

The above analysis leads us to ask how the control model recommended by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, it is applicable to Islamic banks. Otherwise, the question would be, what are the regulatory standards that would suit her and what the potential difficulties with such regulations?

According to the Basel Committee, Banking Supervision is based on a number of basic principles related to the management and effective prudential banking institutions to ensure the stability of the financial system.
These principles relate to capital adequacy, internal control procedures, external audits required to ensure the identification, management of different types of risks and the techniques used to manage credit effectively.
In addition, the Basel Committee stresses the importance of identifying all foreseeable risks by implementing measures to anticipate, manage and control them effectively. But this goal can only be accessed if the controllers are equipped with the necessary legal authority that would allow them to conduct corrective action in the appropriate times.

This leads us to wonder about the relevance of Islamic financial institutions to submit to the standards of regulation and control, established by the Basel Committee.
At first glance one is tempted to say no to this question by arguing that the nature of the risks of Islamic banks is different from conventional banks. For, as we saw earlier, depositors of an Islamic bank to the risk involved and therefore the bank in this case, should be considered as an investment fund or as a normal society. However, the fragility of such an argument can be demonstrated through a number of notable differences between an Islamic bank and a normal corporation.
A first difference is that a systemic point of view, the failure of a normal society particularly affects its own shareholders, while the bankruptcy of a bank affects the stability of the entire financial system and connective tissue the economy.
A second difference lies in the fact that the power of banks increases gradually as the mass of deposits increases. Faced with such a configuration, appropriate regulation is needed to restore balance and safeguard the interests of the depositor against any possible abuse of power. In the same vein, appropriate regulation will protect the banks from excessive exposure to risk and to ensure the reserve necessary to protect the interests of its customers.
A third element concerns the accession of Islamic banks in the interbank system that could be accessed only through compliance of Islamic banks to international regulatory standards.
And finally, the need for regulation on the international standard to ensure compliance with the requirements of Islamic banks in the Shari'ah. This will result in the harmonization and the fluidity of international operations.

Note also that the Islamic financial system is still in its infancy. To qualify for a better integration into the international financial system, it is required to prepare an acceptable and flexible legal framework under international regulations. It is also required to make better use of modern technology already adopted by the conventional system. It must also ensure that compliance with the Shariah is not an obstacle for the development of innovative products to meet diverse and dynamic requirements.
Such a challenge can be met only through the combined efforts of a hand, scholars of religion, to ensure compliance with the Shariah and on the other hand the involvement of experts in engineering Financial and economic experts.

In parallel with these efforts of reflection and implementation of regulations in order endogenous Islamic financial system, an effort of reconciliation should be considered the side of the international bodies of regulation and supervision in order to integrate the various components of regulation in an international dimension.

This brings us back to the dynamic spirit of the role displayed by the banking supervision across international in this regard: "The Banking Supervision is a dynamic function that must adapt to market changes. Therefore, supervisors should be prepared to review their policies and supervisory practices in the light of new trends or developments, they must have a sufficiently flexible legislative framework. "

Section 3: Accounting standards and oversight body of Islamic banks

3-1 The Islamic accounting standards

The financial statements presented by the institutions, balance sheets, operating accounts, statements of financial summaries, and other states are required to give picture of financial health. The reliability of these states is of paramount importance to the shareholders of these institutions, customers, for partners but also for regulators and control. Hence the need for a standardization of accounting standards to facilitate the use of these states and allow the market to work seamlessly and efficiently. In this respect, the standards set by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) are applied by the vast majority of financial institutions worldwide.

Islamic accounting standards are based primarily on the International Accounting Standards (IAS). The organization of accounting and auditing for Islamic Financial Institutions (OCAIFI) played a significant role to adapt the international accounting standards and make them applicable to Islamic financial institutions.

It should be noted that the objectives of accounting standards do not always converge with the concerns of regulators and control. While accounting standards are concerned to declare the balance sheets the assets according to their real value, regulators and control will be more concerned with a statement that would better measure the risk and volatility of assets.
Therefore we are faced with two contradictory approaches. To overcome this difficulty, the accounting standards-setters, regulators, banks and stakeholders need to cooperate closely for the development of accounting standards to improve the best risk management in banking institutions.
In the same vein the OCAIFI should join these efforts to the development of accounting standards for Islamic financial institutions to strengthen risk management in these institutions.

3-2 Establishment of a monitoring and supervision

It should be noted that the wishes of an establishment of an Islamic financial system regulation, have already been expressed in 1991 by the governors of central banks and monetary authorities of member countries of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC).

Since the 90s, the efforts of regulation and control have increased at several levels. The Islamic Development Bank (IDB) has played a significant role in developing policies and procedures to standardize accordance with the Shariah, which could be adopted internationally. Other international institutions working on the harmonization of regulatory standards between countries. Including the organization of accountants and auditors of Islamic financial institutions (AAOIFI), the Islamic rating agency rating (ANII), the Islamic Financial Services Board (CSFI), the center of Islamic liquidity management, (CGLI) and the International Islamic Financial Market (MFIII).
The accounting standards issued by AAOIFI, which have not yet acquired binding, are only applied by a number of countries. These institutions aim to foster the development of a financial services sector prudent and transparent and provide advice and assistance to Islamic financial institutions in regulation and control. As the development of standards for capital adequacy, risk management, standards of governance institutions, etc.. Once established and accepted international standards facilitate the verification of the strength, stability and integrity of Islamic financial institutions around the world.

Once the guidelines for the establishment of audit and supervision of Islamic banks are established, it will be a specialized agency to be responsible for their implementation and monitoring. In this context, a recommendation was made at a meeting to establish a council of Islamic services, the IDB, the IMF, the World Bank, the Bahrain Monetary Agency (BMA) and the organization accounting and auditing for Islamic Financial Institutions (OCAIFI).

At this meeting it was decided to establish an interim committee with the central banks of a number of member countries of the IDB, IMF, IDB and OCAIFI. The purpose of this committee is to work towards developing a concrete and detailed proposal for the establishment of an Islamic Financial Services Board (CSFI), with the aim of creating an autonomous regulatory and control for Islamic Banks.
At the same meeting, the IDB has been mandated by the representatives of central banks of countries represented to play a central role in the establishment and operation of this institution.

To do so, a number of conditions are necessary to enable the CSFI to fulfill its mission.
In the first place it is strongly recommended that the board is with a great expertise of regulatory standards and controls established by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), International Organization of Securities Commissions (OICT) and the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS). Then it must be perfect knowledge of the Islamic financial system to its characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and various issues related to current and future practice. It must also be able to coordinate with banks, securities organizations, investment funds, insurance and all other non-bank financial institutions. For the sole support of financial institutions bank can not allow it to fulfill its mission of regulation and control effectively. And finally an equally important, is to acquire the authority to respect and implement its recommendations. Which requires the involvement and support unconditioned monetary authorities.

General conclusion and points for consideration:

In recent years, several research works have shown the feasibility and viability of the Islamic financial system. This was also demonstrated through the successful operations of Islamic institutions in several countries. However, these performances rather satisfactory should not make us lose sight of the problems the Islamic financial system is facing. To support its growth it is expected to meet a number of challenges, some of these challenges are related to the environment in which Islamic banks operate and others comes from the internal environment of the Islamic financial system:

Although the basic principles of Islamic finance can promote ethics in banking practice, this does not mean that the Islamic financial system is safe from abuse which the conventional system is exposed. It is therefore necessary to establish appropriate arrangements for governance, regulatory and risk management.

The shortage of Shari'ah experts with a master of both the economic and financial aspects of operations can also be an obstacle to the development of Islamic financial system. For example, failing to validate compliance with the Shariah, Islamic banks may be deprived of effective instruments and yet compatible with the Shariah.
The central bank can provide great support for training to Islamic banks. Since usually it is involved in training programs for the benefit of conventional banks, it could in the same way to help the Islamic banks in the same vein.

The central bank may also help Islamic banks to solve the problem of lender of last resort. This can be done through the establishment of a common, as are the statutory reserves, which the Islamic banks and mutual help that can be used when needed liquidity in accordance with a number of conditions to comply with the Chari has.

Also, the boards of compliance with the Sharia can be very expensive to Islamic banks, especially the small ones, hence the need to solve problems is through the establishment of a joint council for a group of banks or the creation of an autonomous council under the authority of the central bank. This will benefit not only reduce costs but also to ensure standardization of opinions related to Fiqh, something that might help the process of certification of Islamic financial instruments. As such the OIC and the committee Rabitah Al Fiqh are important to reconcile the different opinions of Fiqh by holding meetings for discussion among the fuqaha to discuss various matters of Ijtihad. The Council of Islamic Banks (CBI), established by the IDB is also considerable work in this direction.
These efforts have enabled substantial progress, though much work remains to troubleshoot issues that still exist Fiqh.

Another factor is the lack of an Islamic financial market. Efforts must be multiplied in order to promote the development of Islamic banks. An agreement was signed by the IDB, the Administration of Offshore Financial Services Labnan (LOFSA) of Malaysia, and the monetary authorities of Bahrain (OMB) to establish a secondary market for Islamic financial instruments. Also, the creation of a cash management committee (GLC) to expand the international Islamic capital market and to launch the international Islamic capital market (MMII).

If Islamic banks have succeeded in mobilizing large amounts of deposits, this can not be explained solely by improved performance and better service. But by the religious motivations of depositors. For want of an alternative more advantageous and consistent with the Shari'ah, many of them accept low income or even zero income. Islamic banks also have orgasms until very close to the monopoly market of Islamic finance. Now the situation has changed. Islamic banks face competition from increasingly growing conventional banks, including multinational Western banks.

If the entry into operation of these Western banks in the Islamic finance market is further evidence of the viability and development potential of the Islamic financial system, it also announced a competition very fierce. One might wonder whether this situation will make the Islamic financial system? The answer to this question will be based on strategies that will be adopted by Islamic banks meet this challenge. In principle, competition is considered a lever for growth in any industry. It allows the optimization of production costs, improving quality, and requires the least efficient firms to adapt to the market or to disappear.
We cite in this connection the statement of the Director of British origin, the Monetary Board of the State of the Emirates, which has been one of the founders of the central bank in the country. He had said after a long debate on Islamic finance that "if you succeed, we will convert to your way not to lose our customers ...."
While Kids are back in the game of Western banks in the Islamic finance market is very recent, they have the advantage of size and experience of banking practice. This puts Islamic banks face very strong competition. Therefore the viability of Islamic institutions depend on their ability to meet the challenge of efficiency and performance.

Finally, among the major challenges facing the Islamic system is also found the introduction of regulation and effective supervision in a position to allow for better risk management, ensuring the interests of depositors, promote market stability and provide a significant contribution to the entire international financial system.

The supervisory authorities, organs of international controls, and financial institutions are faced with the dilemma of understanding the needs of this sector and to find a balance between, on one hand, the introduction of effective control and, On the other hand, encourage innovation and development of Islamic financial institutions.
This double challenge can be solved by strengthening cooperative efforts of the institutions concerned and the creation of an enabling environment. In other words, the establishment of necessary mechanisms and equitable development of the sector according to the law of the market. For a healthy and efficient financial system can offer considerable opportunities for development and economic growth through the financing of economic infrastructure and job creation.

Bibliography:

Works:
- Ausaf Ahmad, "Contemporary practices of Islamic financing techniques'. IRTII, 1993.
- Boualem Benjilali, "Evaluation of the practice of Islamic financial instruments," 1996.
- Cyril Glasse, "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Islam", Editions Bordas, 1991.
- Ibn Al Al Kayyim jawzia, "The paths of homelessness," Universal Edition, Paris, 1999
- Muhammad Iqbal, "Plant response to air pollution," Wiley edition, 1997.
- J Laurans, "study of lending at interest," Arthur Rousseau edition, Grenoble 1883.
- Malika Kettani "An original bank, Islamic banking," Dar Al Kutub edition Al Ilmiya 2005.
- Mills and Preslley, "Islamic finance and practices," Hadcover edition, 1999.
- Mohammed Boudjellal, "Islamic banking", International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1998.
- Abraham Uddovitch, "Partnership and profit in medieval Islam," Princeton, 1970
- Vernimen 2010
- Youssef Al Qaradawi "Al Halal wa al Haram," Al Qalam 2005 edition.
Articles:
- Gabel, "banks: what role, what risk, what future? "Cahiers French, 2001
- Finance and Development, Mohamed Qorchi, Volume 42, Number 4, December 2005
- Practices Islamic banking, finance and development, Mohsin S. Khan and Abbas Mirakhor, Volume 23, Number 23, September 1986
- Article 62 of the Faisal Islamic Bank of Egypt
- Article 878 of the Law of Obligations and Contracts
- Dr Mohamed Rouasse professor at the University of KuwaitThe magazine No. 440
- B. Mahmoud, The Financier (Algeria) 06/04/2009 - Syndication: RIBH

- Address by Dr Attia Jamal, director of the International Islamic Banking System in Luxembourg, On the day of the Islamic banks held by the Chamber of Commerce Franco-Arab in Paris on 24-24 April 1984
Studies and research notes:
- Study conducted by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Operational Risk Management, 1998
- Study conducted by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Framework for internal control in banks, 1998
- Study conducted by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, the principle of credit risk management, 1999
- Study conducted by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, capital requirements and bank behavior: The impact of Basel, 1999
- Study conducted by Umer Chapra and Tariqullah Kkan in "Regulation and supervision of Islamic banks", Study No. 3, Islamic Development Bank, Institute for Research and Training
- Study conducted by Tariqullah Khan and Habib Ahmed, Risk Management, Analysis of certain aspects of Islamic finance industry, Document No. 5.
- Study of Islamic banks conducted by the USAID in 1989 Charbel Zarour
- Studies on the operation of Islamic banks, Gérard Verna and Ab Chouick, Laval University Quebec, 1989
- The financing of entrepreneurship (the model of the Islamic financial system), Stanislas Ordody, research notes 89-4 UREF / AUPELF NE 1989.
- Legal and political environment and financial performance of Islamic banks, Michel Galloux, research notes 93-35 UREF / AUPELF NE 1993
- Study conducted by Olivier Pastré and Krassimra Gechev, Islamic finance at the

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A law is not enforced in defiance of the banks and we are all concerned!

It would be highly desirable that the banks just like any private or public address prior to use directly on the bank accounts of customers, invoices and bank charges that under the law section 544 of the Civil Code.

Bank charges are grossly excessive, especially since the consumer has no real choice of competition since the Banking Federation has kind of grip on the sector and it is difficult for consumers to identify a bank pricing interesante one more than the other.

This is known and recognized, but now it is to enforce a law like all everyone must do and the banking sector is not exempt. Section 544 of the Civil Code refers to the concept of property is so dear to Prudhomme, is not applied by the banks. In fact, no one can allow themselves to be used without permission of others in the portfolio.

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Establishment of the Bank of France was spare wheel

The establishment of the Bank of France can serve as a backup option when setting the financial situation that is the debt that you live.

To do so, you are invited to make a statement in the record of debt that company or from the nearest branch around your town. Is over-indebted, an innocent person whose conditions are unable to cope with all the loans it acquired over time.

It should be in the interest of increasing the repayment of his money to be paid monthly, make the submission of the debt that is absolutely free, in order to contact the Bank of France. This is the debt commission that will take the process of examination of your case. As your financial gap is not professional or not justified, your application is eligible to be classified as eligible by the establishment of the Bank of France.

From the outset, be aware that the debt commission does not charge to redeem your credits or restructuring of your finances. A certificate of proof of record debt will keep you safe from legal action that your creditors may be able to bring. To take advantage of the formula offered by the Bank of France against the debt you should hold a French nationality. The form to submit over-indebtedness is accessible electronic file you can download and print on the website of the Bank of France.

The major elements of the form can be summarized as usual requests for personal information, that is to say the name and address, marital status and occupational type of housing. Below, through the form, you will be required to provide details relevant to the various funds you have contracted, the amounts and kinds.

You will also be challenged to mention your sources of monthly income and your current responsibilities. You also want to mention the state debt, in reality you do not have much choice. In small part, the check mark with a focus on what you think about the root cause of the submission of your application to over-indebtedness.

Added to this form, you will have to accompany the body of evidence that have been mentioned in all parts of the form and a simple letter, this representing the record, the famous case of over-indebtedness. The only bad note is to be registered as a bank is prohibited by the Bank of France in this situation of debt distress.

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A broker bank, a man of confidence

Based on trust?

To move to a stable and secure, it is necessary to use a broker bank. Between an individual and his broker, it should necessarily be trust and mutual listening.

These are people with skills and training acquired pre. To start training as a broker, the person should be selected primarily according to their attitudes and behaviors.

For this purpose, they should be selected according to their ability to make decisions, its effectiveness as a negotiation and more. As already stated it is with these highly trained individuals that can access the training. After they completed a three-year training, they can begin to take over the case of redemption of credit. However, brokers are always newly released follow-up by senior brokers. The junior broker can be operational for the purchase of credit. Thus, if a client seeks to purchase a mortgage, it must consult with the senior broker while the practice of these theories acquired during three consecutive years.

What are the duties of a broker that is senior or junior?

Broker's services independently to find an offer for a purchase loan borrower. Hire a broker is required, indeed is an approach that is necessary to obtain an offer on the market. An individual may choose to use one or two brokers according to his needs. That his client is in serious debt or prohibited banking, he must do his best to find an offer that could leave the individual of this mess.

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The advent of prepaid credit cards will make a difference

They have existed for some years in the U.S. and in countries like England or Germany, and now they arrive in France: I speak on prepaid cards.

It's just a classic card payment that looks at all points in your Visa card or MasterCard (or even your credit card) but with the difference that you do not need a bank account in order to have one. And yes! this is the big difference between a prepaid card and credit card classic.

This new type of card can be purchased online at various websites. There is no need to provide numerous documents to get it.

You will then receive by mail your new card. The visuals are very attractive, since it comes in black gold or other colors. When the card is received, you will need the credit. For that you have many ways in which transfers or cash payments.

Then, you just have to use the card wherever you like. Book a hotel, pay for a room in advance, pay a restaurant, take train tickets or even plane, just a few of many possibilities for this prepaid card.

It therefore offers security, ease and a hand quickly and efficiently. Moreover it is a solid alternative for people who can not get conventional credit card. They will finally receive this payment method if that is the practice card. Which in particular does not move with all these notes in the pocket.

That's another aspect of the prepaid card is security. Thus, either when paying online or in real life, she will bring you more security and peace.

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Open an account in Switzerland

Switzerland is mainly famous for its chocolate under. However, what we know less and yet still high quality is at its banking system. Why open a bank account in Switzerland? In here are the main reasons:

- A confidential banking foolproof - A large range of banking products
- Investment solutions and investment in high yield.
- A personalized assistance in managing your account if your offshore company
- The severity of Swiss services
- Financial stability, political and social Switzerland.

How to open a bank account in Switzerland

You should know that there are many types of bank account in Switzerland. The conventional accounts such as one can find in most other organisms are not more expensive than elsewhere. There are also bank accounts oriented private banking / wealth. There, the ticket is more important since it is generally called a minimum provision (up to € 10 000), but also the costs of relatively heavy (around € 700).

Meanwhile, the opening of a Swiss bank account will require from you to give certain information (source of income), and papers concerning your identity, to fight against money laundering.
However, you can save on fees, you simply open an account in Switzerland online!

Opening an online account allows you to remotely open a Swiss bank account without having to travel. This is not possible in all banks as some require to meet the client. Some companies offer their services in order to achieve maintains for you. But again, find much about the seriousness of these companies.

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Monetary creation

Money creation is the total mass of money in circulation at any given time. These are the central banks (ECB, FED, BoJ, BoE ...) which determines the rate of growth of the money supply. Money creation depends directly on the monetary policy adopted by the various central banks. These elements play an important role in the financial markets including forex, the currency market.

The money supply is measured by means of economic aggregates. Without going into details of various aggregates, they are distinguished by different degrees of liquidity of financial instruments that compensate. Central banks will thus speak of three different aggregates when reporting on the money:

- M1: Tickets + parts + sight deposits (current account)

- M2: M1 + Booklet + A + PEL Codevi

- M3: M2 + deposits + mutual funds + Fund + treasury bills + commercial paper

The money supply, so it is not only paper money (notes and coins), but everything that makes up the reserves of purchasing power of different economic actors. However, we are now witnessing an increasing share demonetization including the use of credit cards or bank transfers.

Can be said that the euro is in terms of currency notes in circulation the more common before the dollar although the latter retains its hegemony in world trade.

The aggregate used by central banks since it is the M3 is wider. Monetary policy is based on this aggregate. However, the money must be controlled because it creates inflation. So they try to control it including adjusting interest rates.

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Open a bank account online

Opening an account is a formality that one is, for many of us have to do. As a kid, opening an account is logically produced by the parents of the family. A booklet most cases because the money grows over time, even with a small interest rate. For teens, parents open a current account in order to initiate the management of a budget or to inculcate the measure of money.

For students or under 25, open an account like a marking level: the top start in adult life. They undertake their own wills, to paying activities (cinemas, gym ...) to get rid of their means of transport. This account also allows to determine a place of deposit for their potential resources or remuneration for their summer jobs or work on time. Several cuts are aimed at them, it's why they subscribe to this period of their lives.

For honeymooners or young professionals is the opportunity to open a joint account, if they wish to fund or for possible trips, apartments or future projects that we would achieve. Where we want to make is that open an account is a serious step in life. The money that is gained by the sweat of his brow or more easily, is a reliable place. What we want is a bank that allows us to easily dispose of our economies, access to banking services fair and cheap.

With this aim, the site choose online banking you book a list of most banking opportunities. Both for the inaugurations of the day as usual for a book A. This tool lists the proposals of the thirty-four banks to which we can dispose of, being domicile and having a work on French soil.

A wide range between the offers to open an account, the organization of online banking services, customization tips, list of fees for purchases and withdrawals abroad, the card specifications, management difficulties contingency account or the percentage of loans and interest savings of a booklet or a loan.

While nothing replaces a good analysis, first, identifying your desires, your needs and subsequent regular and the amount of contributions.

All the information you find on our online comparison. His summary tables, detailed and evaluative awaken your curiosity of clients who will make the best choice in joining a bank from another bank.

Two solutions available to you to open an account:

• The first is a query by criteria. This gives you the opportunity to study and detect on the basis of his famous criteria, the bank that gives you the same services but at lower rates.
• The second alternative is through more research directed your affections. By choosing a bank in the panel, the comparator finds you all prices charged by the bank.

Very smart and useful, it's two research encompasses all of your questions comparisons between companies that deal in money. The comparator also offers practical guidelines and technical notes to fit you with the vocabulary bank, it reveals specific aspects or sends you literature on any bank.

After the visit to our comparative ritual for fans of the Web, banking procedures and pricing will not know a mystery to you. You can get started without hesitation! No one can blame you for the fact of not having treated the study of your bank where it will go bankrupt, do offer more loans will increase its benefits already expensive!

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